Author’s note: This article shows how to derive circuit gain equations via a signal flow graph. With practice you may be able to write a gain equation by locating signal paths and loops in the ...

The first widespread users of balanced circuits were the early telephone companies. Their earliest systems had no amplifiers yet needed to deliver maximum audio power from one telephone to another up ...

CMOS mixers are integral components in modern radio frequency (RF) circuit design, enabling frequency conversion in wireless systems while prioritising low power consumption. Recent progress in ...