In physics and materials science, the term "spin chirality" refers to an asymmetry in the arrangement of spins (i.e., the ...

Genetic circuit engineering is the synthesis of unnatural DNA segments encoding protein or RNA molecules that control each other’s levels. Genetic circuit engineering is the bottom-up, local approach ...

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. Toby Walters is a financial writer, investor, and lifelong learner. He has a passion for ...

Abstract: Surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SPMSMs) are used in various fields because of their high efficiency and high power density characteristics. Because they are generally ...

Abstract: Electromagnetic sensors’ response is affected by lift-off variations, which are caused by nonmagnetic coating thickness, surface roughness, or sensor vibrations. These variations affect eddy ...