Consciousness evolved in stages, starting with basic survival responses like pain and alarm, then expanding into focused awareness and self-reflection. These layers help organisms avoid danger, learn ...

Scientists are building experimental computers from living human brain cells and testing how they learn and adapt.

Dickens’s Christmas novella is often read as a reassuring parable about our ability to change — but the whole point of Scrooge’s ghostly visitations is how dramatically his moral life needs to be ...

Our everyday lives are shaped by conscious experience. At times, this experience is pleasant, such as feeling sunlight on your skin, hearing birds ...

Irregular warfare (IW) seems to be a topic with an equal ability to generate enthusiasm, resistance, and confusion. While the ...

Oysters are a good source of zinc. Not getting enough zinc through food is linked to immune dysfunction and infection. Find ...

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Carol M. Kopp edits features on a wide range of subjects for Investopedia, including investing, personal finance, retirement planning, taxes, business management, and career development. Khadija ...

A SCHOLARLY and thoughtful book like this makes one feel how much is lost to students of biology by lack of attention to the historical development of the science. Not only is the human interest ...

Microscopic fibers secretly shape how every organ in the body works, yet they’ve been notoriously hard to study—until now. A new imaging technique called ComSLI reveals hidden fiber orientations in ...

Studying one of the simplest animals, Stanford's Prakash Lab uncovered how it folds itself into complex shapes—revealing new ...

Seeing the mouth as an egg shaped form instead of a straight line changes the way you build portraits. In this video, you’ll ...